1. Theft (Sections 378-382)
Section 378: Theft
- Theft is defined as the dishonest removal of movable property from the possession of any person without that person’s consent, with the intent to permanently deprive the person of it. The essential elements include dishonest intention, movable property, possession of another, and removal without consent.
Section 379: Punishment for Theft
- The punishment for theft is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 3 years, or with a fine, or both.
Section 380: Theft in Dwelling House, etc.
- Theft committed in any building, tent, or vessel used for human dwelling, or for the custody of property, carries a higher punishment of imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 7 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 381: Theft by Clerk or Servant of Property in Possession of Master
- If a clerk or servant commits theft of property belonging to their employer, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 7 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 382: Theft after Preparation Made for Causing Death, Hurt, or Restraint
- If theft is committed after the offender has made preparations to cause death, hurt, or wrongful restraint, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 10 years, and may also include a fine.
2. Extortion (Sections 383-389)
Section 383: Extortion
- Extortion is defined as intentionally putting any person in fear of injury to themselves or someone else, and thereby dishonestly inducing the person so put in fear to deliver any property or valuable security. The essential elements are fear of injury, dishonest inducement, and delivery of property or security.
Section 384: Punishment for Extortion
- The punishment for extortion is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 3 years, or with a fine, or both.
Section 385: Putting Person in Fear of Injury in Order to Commit Extortion
- If a person puts someone in fear of injury to commit extortion but does not actually succeed in obtaining the property, they can still be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 2 years, or with a fine, or both.
Section 386: Extortion by Putting a Person in Fear of Death or Grievous Hurt
- Extortion committed by putting a person in fear of death or grievous hurt is punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 10 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 387: Putting Person in Fear of Death or Grievous Hurt in Order to Commit Extortion
- If a person puts someone in fear of death or grievous hurt to commit extortion, they can be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 7 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 388: Extortion by Threat of Accusation of an Offence Punishable with Death or Imprisonment for Life, etc.
- Extortion by threatening to accuse a person, or anyone else, of an offence punishable with death, imprisonment for life, or imprisonment for 7 years or more, is punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 10 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 389: Putting Person in Fear of Accusation of Offence in Order to Commit Extortion
- Putting someone in fear of being accused of an offence, either themselves or another person, in order to commit extortion, is punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 10 years, and may also include a fine.
3. Robbery and Dacoity (Sections 390-402)
Section 390: Robbery
- Robbery is essentially theft or extortion, accompanied by or followed by the use of violence or threats. It involves the immediate application of force in committing theft or extortion, or in carrying away or retaining the stolen property.
Section 391: Dacoity
- Dacoity is committed when five or more persons conjointly commit or attempt to commit robbery. It is considered a more serious form of robbery due to the number of people involved.
Section 392: Punishment for Robbery
- The punishment for robbery is rigorous imprisonment for a term that may extend to 10 years, and may also include a fine. If the robbery is committed on a highway, the term of imprisonment can extend to 14 years.
Section 393: Attempt to Commit Robbery
- Attempting to commit robbery is punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term that may extend to 7 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 394: Voluntarily Causing Hurt in Committing Robbery
- If any person voluntarily causes hurt while committing or attempting to commit robbery, the punishment is rigorous imprisonment for a term that may extend to 10 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 395: Punishment for Dacoity
- The punishment for dacoity is rigorous imprisonment for a term that may extend to life imprisonment, or imprisonment for a term not less than 10 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 396: Dacoity with Murder
- If murder is committed while committing dacoity, every participant in the dacoity can be punished with death or imprisonment for life, or with rigorous imprisonment for a term not less than 10 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 397: Robbery or Dacoity, with Attempt to Cause Death or Grievous Hurt
- If at the time of committing robbery or dacoity, the offender uses any deadly weapon or causes grievous hurt, or attempts to cause death or grievous hurt, the punishment shall not be less than 7 years of rigorous imprisonment.
Section 398: Attempt to Commit Robbery or Dacoity When Armed with Deadly Weapon
- If a person attempts to commit robbery or dacoity while armed with a deadly weapon, the punishment is rigorous imprisonment for a term that may extend to 7 years.
Section 399: Making Preparation to Commit Dacoity
- Making any preparation to commit dacoity is punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term that may extend to 10 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 400: Belonging to a Gang of Dacoits
- Anyone who belongs to a gang of dacoits is punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term that may extend to life imprisonment, or imprisonment for a term not less than 7 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 401: Belonging to a Gang of Thieves
- Belonging to a gang associated with the habitual commission of theft is punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term that may extend to 7 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 402: Assembling for Purpose of Committing Dacoity
- If five or more persons assemble for the purpose of committing dacoity, they are punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term that may extend to 7 years, and may also include a fine.
4. Criminal Misappropriation of Property (Sections 403-404)
Section 403: Dishonest Misappropriation of Property
- Dishonest misappropriation of property occurs when a person dishonestly appropriates or converts to their own use any movable property belonging to another. The punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 2 years, or with a fine, or both.
Section 404: Dishonest Misappropriation of Property Possessed by Deceased Person at the Time of Their Death
- If any person dishonestly misappropriates or converts to their own use property belonging to a deceased person at the time of their death, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 3 years, or with a fine, or both. If the property was in the possession of a clerk or servant, the punishment may extend to 7 years.
5. Criminal Breach of Trust (Sections 405-409)
Section 405: Criminal Breach of Trust
- Criminal breach of trust involves a situation where a person who has been entrusted with property or dominion over it dishonestly misappropriates or converts it to their own use, or dishonestly uses or disposes of it in violation of any direction of law or contract.
Section 406: Punishment for Criminal Breach of Trust
- The punishment for criminal breach of trust is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 3 years, or with a fine, or both.
Section 407: Criminal Breach of Trust by Carrier, etc.
- If the criminal breach of trust is committed by a person entrusted with the property as a carrier, wharfinger, or warehouse-keeper, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 7 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 408: Criminal Breach of Trust by Clerk or Servant
- If the breach of trust is committed by a clerk or servant, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 7 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 409: Criminal Breach of Trust by Public Servant, Banker, Merchant, or Agent
- If the breach of trust is committed by a public servant, banker, merchant, or agent, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to life imprisonment, or imprisonment for a term that may extend to 10 years, and may also include a fine.
6. Receiving Stolen Property (Sections 410-414)
Section 410: Stolen Property
- Stolen property refers to property that has been the subject of theft, extortion, or robbery, and includes property that has been criminally misappropriated or in respect of which criminal breach of trust has been committed.
Section 411: Dishonestly Receiving Stolen Property
- Whoever dishonestly receives or retains any stolen property, knowing or having reason to believe it to be stolen, is punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 3 years, or with a fine, or both.
Section 412: Dishonestly Receiving Property Stolen in the Commission of a Dacoity
- If a person dishonestly receives or retains any stolen property, knowing or having reason to believe it to be stolen in the commission of a dacoity, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to life imprisonment, or imprisonment for a term that may extend to 10 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 413: Habitually Dealing in Stolen Property
- A person who habitually deals in stolen property is punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to life imprisonment, or imprisonment for a term that may extend to 10 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 414: Assisting in Concealment of Stolen Property
- Whoever voluntarily assists in concealing, disposing of, or making away with property which they know or have reason to believe to be stolen, is punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 3 years, or with a fine, or both.
7. Cheating (Sections 415-420)
Section 415: Cheating
- Cheating involves deceiving any person with the intention of causing that person to deliver any property or valuable security, or to consent to the retention of any property, or to do or omit to do anything that he would not do or omit if not so deceived, and which causes or is likely to cause harm or damage to that person in body, mind, reputation, or property.
Section 416: Cheating by Personation
- Cheating by personation occurs when someone cheats by pretending to be another person or representing themselves as another person, whether that person is living or dead.
Section 417: Punishment for Cheating
- The punishment for cheating is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 1 year, or with a fine, or both.
Section 418: Cheating with Knowledge that Wrongful Loss May Ensue to Person Whose Interest Offender Is Bound to Protect
- If cheating is committed with the knowledge that wrongful loss may result to a person whose interest the offender is bound to protect, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 3 years, or with a fine, or both.
Section 419: Punishment for Cheating by Personation
- The punishment for cheating by personation is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 3 years, or with a fine, or both.
Section 420: Cheating and Dishonestly Inducing Delivery of Property
- Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property is punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 7 years, and may also include a fine.
8. Fraudulent Deeds and Dispositions of Property (Sections 421-424)
Section 421: Dishonest or Fraudulent Removal or Concealment of Property to Prevent Distribution among Creditors
- If a person dishonestly or fraudulently removes, conceals, transfers, or delivers property in order to prevent it from being distributed among creditors, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 2 years, or with a fine, or both.
Section 422: Dishonestly or Fraudulently Preventing Debt Being Available for Creditors
- If a person dishonestly or fraudulently prevents any debt or demand due to them from being made available for creditors, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 2 years, or with a fine, or both.
Section 423: Dishonest or Fraudulent Execution of Deed of Transfer Containing False Statement of Consideration
- If a person dishonestly or fraudulently executes a deed of transfer of any property containing a false statement of consideration, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 2 years, or with a fine, or both.
Section 424: Dishonest or Fraudulent Removal or Concealment of Property
- Dishonestly or fraudulently removing or concealing any property, knowing that it is likely to cause wrongful loss or damage to someone, is punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 2 years, or with a fine, or both.
9. Mischief (Sections 425-440)
Section 425: Mischief
- Mischief involves intentionally or knowingly causing wrongful loss or damage to property by destroying or diminishing its value or utility.
Section 426: Punishment for Mischief
- The punishment for mischief is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 3 months, or with a fine, or both.
Section 427: Mischief Causing Damage to the Amount of Fifty Rupees
- If the mischief causes damage to the amount of 50 rupees or more, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 2 years, or with a fine, or both.
Section 428: Mischief by Killing or Maiming Animal of Value of Ten Rupees
- Mischief by killing, poisoning, maiming, or rendering useless any animal of value of 10 rupees or more is punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 2 years, or with a fine, or both.
Section 429: Mischief by Killing or Maiming Cattle, etc.
- Mischief by killing, poisoning, maiming, or rendering useless any cattle or any animal of the value of 50 rupees or more is punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 5 years, or with a fine, or both.
Section 430: Mischief by Causing Diminution of Water Supply
- Mischief by causing a diminution of the supply of water for agricultural purposes, human or animal consumption, or for any other purposes, is punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 5 years, or with a fine, or both.
Section 431: Mischief by Injury to Public Road, Bridge, River, or Channel
- If the mischief results in an injury to any public road, bridge, river, or channel, or any work related to the supply of water or drainage, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 5 years, or with a fine, or both.
Section 432: Mischief by Causing Inundation or Obstruction to Public Drain
- Mischief by causing inundation or obstruction to any public drainage system is punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 5 years, or with a fine, or both.
Section 433: Mischief by Destroying, Moving, or Rendering Less Useful a Lighthouse or Beacon
- If the mischief results in the destruction, removal, or rendering less useful of any lighthouse or beacon, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 7 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 434: Mischief by Destroying or Moving a Landmark Fixed by Public Authority
- If the mischief involves destroying, removing, or altering the position of a landmark fixed by public authority, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 1 year, or with a fine, or both.
Section 435: Mischief by Fire or Explosive Substance with Intent to Cause Damage
- If the mischief is committed by fire or explosive substance, with the intention to cause damage to property worth 100 rupees or more, or if the property is related to agriculture, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 7 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 436: Mischief by Fire or Explosive Substance with Intent to Destroy House, etc.
- If the mischief is committed by fire or explosive substance with the intention of destroying a house, tent, or vessel used as a human dwelling, or any place for custody of property, the punishment is imprisonment for life, or imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 10 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 437: Mischief with Intent to Destroy or Make Unsafe a Decked Vessel or One of Twenty Tons
- Mischief with the intent to destroy or make unsafe a decked vessel or a vessel of twenty tons burden is punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 10 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 438: Punishment for Mischief Described in Section 437 Committed by Fire or Explosive Substance
- If the mischief described in Section 437 is committed by fire or explosive substance, the punishment is imprisonment for life, or imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 10 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 439: Punishment for Intentionally Running Vessel Aground or Ashore with Intent to Commit Theft, etc.
- If a person intentionally runs a vessel aground or ashore with the intent to commit theft or other criminal acts, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 10 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 440: Mischief Committed after Preparation Made for Causing Death or Hurt
- If a person commits mischief after having made preparation to cause death or hurt, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 5 years, and may also include a fine.
10. Criminal Trespass (Sections 441-462)
Section 441: Criminal Trespass
- Criminal trespass occurs when a person unlawfully enters or remains on the property of another with the intention to commit an offence, intimidate, insult, or annoy the person in possession of the property.
Section 442: House-trespass
- House-trespass involves criminal trespass into a building, tent, or vessel used as a human dwelling or as a place for custody of property.
Section 443: Lurking House-trespass
- Lurking house-trespass occurs when house-trespass is committed by taking measures to conceal the offender’s presence from those who have the right to exclude or eject them.
Section 444: Lurking House-trespass by Night
- If lurking house-trespass is committed after sunset and before sunrise, it constitutes lurking house-trespass by night.
Section 445: House-breaking
- House-breaking involves criminal trespass with the use of force or means of entrance not intended by the owner, such as scaling walls, using false keys, or any other means contrary to the will of the possessor.
Section 446: House-breaking by Night
- House-breaking by night occurs when house-breaking is committed after sunset and before sunrise.
Section 447: Punishment for Criminal Trespass
- The punishment for criminal trespass is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 3 months, or with a fine, or both.
Section 448: Punishment for House-trespass
- The punishment for house-trespass is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 1 year, or with a fine, or both.
Section 449: House-trespass in Order to Commit an Offence Punishable with Death
- If house-trespass is committed with the intent to commit an offence punishable with death, the punishment is imprisonment for life, or imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 10 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 450: House-trespass in Order to Commit an Offence Punishable with Imprisonment for Life
- House-trespass committed with the intent to commit an offence punishable with life imprisonment is punishable with imprisonment for life, or imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 10 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 451: House-trespass in Order to Commit an Offence Punishable with Imprisonment
- If house-trespass is committed with the intent to commit an offence punishable with imprisonment, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 2 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 452: House-trespass after Preparation for Hurt, Assault, or Wrongful Restraint
- House-trespass committed after making preparation for causing hurt, assault, or wrongful restraint to anyone is punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 7 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 453: Punishment for Lurking House-trespass or House-breaking
- The punishment for lurking house-trespass or house-breaking is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 2 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 454: Lurking House-trespass or House-breaking in Order to Commit an Offence Punishable with Imprisonment
- If lurking house-trespass or house-breaking is committed with the intent to commit an offence punishable with imprisonment, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 3 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 455: Lurking House-trespass or House-breaking after Preparation for Hurt, Assault, or Wrongful Restraint
- If lurking house-trespass or house-breaking is committed after making preparation for causing hurt, assault, or wrongful restraint to anyone, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 10 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 456: Punishment for Lurking House-trespass or House-breaking by Night
- The punishment for lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 3 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 457: Lurking House-trespass or House-breaking by Night in Order to Commit an Offence Punishable with Imprisonment
- If lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night is committed with the intent to commit an offence punishable with imprisonment, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 5 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 458: Lurking House-trespass or House-breaking by Night after Preparation for Hurt, Assault, or Wrongful Restraint
- If lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night is committed after making preparation for causing hurt, assault, or wrongful restraint to anyone, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 14 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 459: Grievous Hurt Caused While Committing Lurking House-trespass or House-breaking
- If grievous hurt is caused while committing lurking house-trespass or house-breaking, the punishment is imprisonment for life, or imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 10 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 460: All Persons Jointly Concerned in Lurking House-trespass or House-breaking by Night Punishable for Death or Grievous Hurt
- If any death or grievous hurt is caused by any one person while committing lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night, all participants are liable to be punished as if they had committed the act themselves.
Section 461: Dishonestly Breaking Open Receptacle Containing Property
- Dishonestly breaking open any receptacle containing or supposed to contain property is punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 2 years, and may also include a fine.
Section 462: Punishment for Neglect to Take Order with Property After Trust Has Ceased
- If a person who is entrusted with any property neglects to take order for its proper care after the trust has ceased, and the property suffers damage or is lost, the punishment is imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to 1 year, or with a fine, or both.
These sections cover a wide range of offences against property, each with specific definitions, elements, and punishments, reflecting the seriousness of the crime and the harm caused to the victim or society.
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