Kopal Legal Consultants And Mediators (KALAM)

Definition: Administrative law is a branch of public law that governs the activities of administrative agencies of the government. It includes rules, regulations, procedures, decisions, and orders created by these agencies to implement legislative intent. In essence, it regulates the exercise of powers and functions by public authorities, ensuring legality, accountability, and transparency in administrative actions. Notable definitions: Ivor Jennings: Administrative law is the law relating to the administration. It determines the organization, powers, and duties of administrative authorities. Dicey: Administrative law refers to the portion of a nation’s legal system that defines the rights and liabilities of officials in public administration. Nature of Administrative Law 1. Public Law: It deals with the relationship between administrative authorities and citizens, distinguishing it from private law. 2. Dynamic and Evolving: Administrative law adapts to the complexities of modern gov...

Q1. What is Income? How Many Types of Income Are There? Explain. Definition of Income: Income refers to any monetary or non-monetary gain derived by an individual, business, or organization, which is subject to tax under the Income Tax Act, 1961. Income encompasses all profits, gains, and receipts that accrue, arise, or are received during a financial year. The definition of income is broad and includes earnings from diverse sources such as salaries, property, businesses, capital gains, and other residual sources. Key Characteristics of Income: Periodic Nature: Income is generally recurring, though some exceptions (like capital gains) are considered income despite being non-recurring. Taxability: Only those earnings defined as income under the Income Tax Act are taxable. Legality: Legal and illegal income are both taxable under the law. Types of Income (Five Heads): The Income Tax Act classifies income into five heads under Section 14 for proper computation of tax liabilities. Inco...

LLB 3years 3rd sem PYQs